专四作文 专四神助攻丨作文审题还能这么来？

写作，是专四考试中的压轴大戏：

分值高——20分，与4篇阅读理解一个身价；

时间最宽裕——45分钟，占考试总时间的三分之一，比阅读理解分配的时间还多出10分钟。

首先要明白：写作考察的是基本的写作能力和如何把事情说明白的能力；至于说的什么事，论点是否独树一帜，并不重要。切记：作文不是求新，而是求有话说、有理讲。

专四写作的步骤一般分为五步：审题、立意、 结构、表达和校检。请看下表中各步骤的目的与大致时间分配：

下面重点谈谈议论文和说明文的写作，因为近年常考的均是这两种文体。议论文和说明文有相似之处，有些题目既可以写成议论文，也可以写成说明文。

今天讲第一步审题。虽然审题在五个步骤只占几分钟的时间，但却十分重要，因为良好的开端是成功的一半。

审题是指在真正动笔写作之前对于考题的理解和分析的过程，它直接关系着一篇作文的质量。良好的审题，能引导你正确完成接下来的几个步骤；反之，不认真审题就仓促下笔，往往是“欲速则不达”，有偏题甚至跑题的危险。

简单来说就两步：初读和细读。

初读，了解题目大意，读懂基本要求；

细读，获取关键信息，明确具体要求。

According to a recent survey on college students' mental well-being, 20 percent of college students experience various kinds of stress. Interpersonal communication, finding jobs, and study are among the top factors that cause anxiety and stress among students. Have you ever had such problems? And how do you tackle the problem(s)? Write on ANSWER SHEET THREE a composition of about 200 words on the following topic: How I Deal with Stress

You are to write in three parts.

In the first part, state the kind of stressyou have experienced.

In the second part, explain how you deal with the stress.

In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.

第一次读题的目的是弄清楚文体。作文的出题形式由三部分构成：作文题目、情景提示和写作要求。上面考题中，题目是How I deal with stress；题目之后是写作指令，告诉你怎么写、写什么：第一部分state your stress，第二部分explain your methods，最后一部分make a summary。

通常情况下，议论文讨论的是why，说明文解释的是how，记叙文讲述的是what。可以判断，这篇文章是要求写一篇说明文。

文体：说明文

背景：survey表明，20%的大学生有stress

对象：大学生college students

角度：你自己的经历；你怎么去解决

Read carefully the following excerpt and then write your response in NO LESS THAN 200 WORDS, in which you should:

1) Summarize the main message of the excerpt, and then

2) Comment on whether our brains will get lazy in a world run by intelligent machines.

You can support yourself with information from the excerpt.

With intelligent machines to do the thinking, will our brains get lazy?

Changing technology stimulates the brain and increases intelligence. But that may only be true if the technology challenges us. In a world run by intelligent machines, our lives could get a lot simpler. Would that make us less intelligent?

Artificial intelligence is taking over many human jobs. For instance, planes are being flown much of the time by automatic pilots. And the complex problem of controlling air traffic around large modern airports is also achieved by artificial intelligence that operates well beyond the capacity of mere human air traffic controllers.

Artificial intelligence is embedded in many features of modern life for the simple reason that intelligent machines can already outperform humans, including some aptitudes where there was once thought to be a human advantage, such as playing chess, and writing poetry, or even novels.

As machines get smarter, they will do more of our thinking for us and make life easier. In the future, the electronic assistant will develop to the point that it serves similar functions as a real living butler, fulfilling requests such as: “Organize a dinner party for six on Thursday, Jeeves, and invite the usual guests.”

At that point, our long struggle with challenging technologies is at an end. Like Bertie Wooster, we can take it easy knowing that the hard work of planning and organizing is being done by a better brain — the electronic assistant. Starved of mental effort, our brains will regress.

看情景提示，即阅读材料。一般说来，阅读材料提供的是某种现象或问题，或不同的观点、理由与例子。阅读中要注意观察主题句、衔接词。

这篇阅读材料共五段：第一段提出问题Would that make us less intelligent；第二段第一句Artificial intelligence is taking over many human job是主题句，因为后面的衔接词是for instance与and，说明这都是用来举例说明第一句的。

第三段第一句artificial intelligence is embedded in many features of modern life，它的从句引导词为for the simple reason that…，讲的是现象的原因。

第四段开头句为as machines get smarter, they will do more of our thinking for us and make life easier. 这段讲的是人工智能的作用或意义。

最后一段开头句有个at an end，是个不好的兆头，果然读到最后就明白：our brain 确实要退化了。

这样，整个材料大意就清楚了：

第1段提问题：人脑会变懒吗？

第2段讲现状：人工智能承担大量工作

第3段讲原因：人工智能很强

第4段讲意义：人工智能让生活更简单

第5段讲担忧：长此以往，人脑必将退化。

上面材料作文的审题结果，总结如下：

1. 弄清文体：议论文

2. 确定题目：人工智能变强，人脑会变差吗

3. 莫忘指令：summarize & comment

4. 情景提示：阅读材料的大意

近两年的考题都是材料作文，这也算是一种福利。表面上增加了阅读任务，其实为广大考生提供了一些想法与灵感。写作过程中虽然不能照搬照抄，但还是可以灵活利用其中的相关语句及词汇的。

有同学可能会说：我词汇量有限，作文的阅读材料里有不认识的词，怎么办？这个问题不难解决：不是有种题型叫阅读理解吗？所谓阅读-理解，阅读是理解的前提，理解是阅读的结果。比如刚才分析阅读材料的时候，并没有把里面所有的句子、字词都弄明白，每段知道了主旨，即便有几个生词，也能理解出他们的意思，至少文中语境下的意思能感受个八九不离十。

再有同学问：我不认识的词比较多，怎么办呢？呜呼呀！这个是个大问题，一个句子20个词，你18个不认识的，神仙也救不了你啊！写作属于语言输出，是以充足的输入为前提的，词汇不足，是硬伤。

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