survive用法及搭配 whose在从句的用法

题目：

whose在从句的用法whose能用在哪些从句中.都充当什么成分 例句是什么.

解答：

1.注意由并列连词或等立连词连接的成分在语法形式上是否相同,即都是形容词,或都是介词短语,或都是不定式,或都是动名词,或都是句子等.如：Symposium talks will cover a wide range of subjects from overfishing to physical and environmental factors that affect the populations of different species.In the teaching of mathematics, the way of instruction is generally traditional, with teachers presenting formal lectures and students taking notes.2.注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同.如：It is better to die on one’s feet than to live on one’s knees.Despite the temporary difficulties, the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it.3.其他具有并列或比较意义的短语.(1)rather than, let alone 虽不是并列连词,但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分.如：We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style rather than in a personal style.For the new country to survive, let alone for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required.(2)如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语,而且介词相同,一般说来第二个介词不要省略.如：At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials.代词1.与所指代的名词在性、数、格上是否一致如：Each cigarette a person okes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease from its effect.It was during the 1920’s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.Our department was monitored by two supervisors, Bill and me.2.that的指代作用that指代不可数名词和单数可数名词(如是复数,用those),后面通常跟有修饰语,如出现在比较结构中的that of.如：Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener, and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by both.No bread eaten by man is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.3.one的指代作用one指代带不定冠词的单数可数名词,复数为ones.the one 指代带定冠词的单数可数名词.如：A good writer is one who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.4.do的替代作用do代替动词,注意数和时态的变化.如：For him to be re’elected, what is essential is not that his policy works, but that the public believe that it does.主谓一致问题主谓一致是指主语与谓语在数上要一致.把握主谓一致问题,考生主要解决的是对不同结构的主语单复数的认定,进而选择适当的谓语.1.主谓一致常出现在主谓倒装结构中.如：Just outside the ruins is a magnificent building surrounded by tall trees.Although a great number of houses in that area are still in need of repair, there has been improvement in the facilities.2.主语与谓语之间有定语从句或其他结构修饰,所以距离较远,考生易误认主语.如：The amount of pressure which the materials are subject to affects the quality of the products.3.关系代词做主语的定语从句中,谓语的数要与先行词一致.如：Despite much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that are not fully understood.There are many valuable services which the public are willing to pay for, but which do not bring a return in money to the community.4.动名词短语、不定式短语、名词性从句做主语,谓语用单数.如：Buying clothes is often a time-consuming job because those clothes that a person likes are rarely the ones that fit him or her.To understand the situation completely requires more thought than has been given thus far.5.主语带有(together/along)with, such as, as well as, accompanied by, including, rather than 等附加成分, 谓语的数不受附加成分的影响.如：The president of the college, together with the deans, is planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations.6.表示时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积等度量的名词短语做主语时,谓语用单数.7.某些固定结构中谓语的数：a great many + 可数名词复数 谓语用复数many a + 可数名词单数 谓语用单数a number of +可数名词复数 谓语用复数the number of +可数名词复数 谓语用单数the majority of +可数名词复数 谓语用复数each/every +可数名词单数 谓语用单数neither/either of +可数名词复数 谓语用单数more than one +可数名词单数 谓语用单数one and a half +可数名词复数 谓语用单数the greater part ofa large proportion of50% of 谓语的数与of后面的名词一致one third ofplenty ofthe rest of 倒装结构倒装是指句子成分不是按主语在前、谓语在后的正常语序排列,而是将谓语或谓语的一部分移到主语之前.倒装是一种修辞手段,目的是为了强调.倒装分为部分倒装和全部倒装,考试多为部分倒装.考生应掌握什么情况下需要倒装.1.下列否定词及含有否定意义的词组修饰状语时,若置于句首,句子的主谓要部分倒装never, no, neither, not only, hardly, scarcely, little, seldom, rarely, not until, nowhere, at no time, on no account, in no respect, in no sense, by no means, in no way, no longer, no less, no more, no sooner than, under no circumstances, in vain, still less.如：Not only is its direct attack on their discipline, it bypasses the essence of what sociologists focus on.Under no circumstances should we do anything that will benefit ourselves but harm the interests of the state.2.以only修饰状语开头的句子,句子的主谓要部分倒装only then, only at that time, only once, only in this way, only with, only through, only by, only when, only after, only because.如：Only when you have obtained sufficient data can you come to a sound conclusion.3.以下列副词或短语开头的句子,句子的主谓要部分倒装often, so, well, to such a degree, to such an extent, to such extremes, to such a point,many a time.如：So involved with their computers do the children become that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.4.以下列副词开头的句子,句子的主谓要全部倒装(1)出于修辞需要,表示方向的副词：out, down, in, up, away, on.如：Down jumped the burglar from the tenth floor when he heard someone shouted at him.(2)出于习惯用法：here, there, now, thus, hence, then.如：Now is your turn. There goes the bell.(3)有时主语较长,为了使句子平衡,避免头重脚轻,主谓要全部倒装.这种情况多出现在主系表结构中.如：Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life.In between these two extremes are those people who agree with the jury system as a whole, but feel that some changes need to be implemented to improve its effectiveness.5.让步从句的倒装(1)as引导让步状语从句,必须采用倒装结构,但不是主谓倒装,而是将被强调的内容置于句首.如：Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her, in thoroughness, whatever the job.(2)出现在句型be+主语+其他, come what may中.如：While it’s true that we all need a career, preferably a profitable one, it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge—be it scientific or artistic.The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite oothly.Come what may, I’ll be on your side.6.比较从句的倒装as, than引导的比较从句中,如果主语是名词短语且较长,经常采用倒装结构(不倒装也可以).注意：这种结构主语一般为名词,如果是代词则不倒装.如：Hydrogen burns much more cleanly than do other fuels and is easy to produce.Today’s electric cars cannot go as fast as gasoline-driven vehicles because the battery does not offer the same amount of energy as does gasoline combustion.Reading is to the mind as is exercise to the body.(1)如果谓语动词是单个实义动词,倒装时需根据人称和时态加助动词do.如：Little did we expect that he would fulfill his task so rapidly.(2)考生要广义理解“句首”的概念,注意从句的句首和并列分句的句首均为句首.如：Suddenly, Gallup’s name was on everyone’s lips; not only was he the prophet of the moment, but it was generally believed that he had founded a new and most important method of prediction.复合句——形容词性(定语)从句定语从句的测试重点：选择正确的关系代词或关系副词. 切记：关系代词/副词一定要在从句中充当某种成分,即主语、宾语、表语或定语.指人时用who(做主语)、whom(做宾语)、whose(做定语)；指物时用which或that；指时间用when；指地点用where；指原因用why.此外还要注意如下几个问题：1.尤其要注意whose的用法whose在从句中做定语,修饰名词.所以,如果关系代词后面紧接的是名词,且关系代词又不在从句中做主语或宾语,那么,这个关系代词就应该是whose.如：Of course developing a system for helping students whose needs are out of the ordinary had been a necessary step in helping those students get into the world of public education.It is perhaps not an exaggeration to say that we shall soon be trusting our health, wealth and happiness to elements with whose very names the general public are unfamiliar.2.介词 + which的用法如果从句中主宾成分齐全,考生便可考虑关系代词是否在从句中做状语,而状语通常用介词短语充当,于是可以得知,关系代词前面应有介词,再分析所给的选项,根据与名词的搭配作出正确选择.如：Children are best served when schools contribute to shaping the solid foundation on which their future will be built.However, the batteries from which they(electric vehicles) draw energy usually contain harmful chemicals, which become pollutants when the batteries are disposed of.We are not conscious of the extent to which work provides the psychological satisfaction that can make the difference between a full and an empty life.3.非限定性定语从句前面有逗号标志,按汉语习惯通常翻译成两个句子切记：与汉语不同的是,英语中两个句子之间一般说来不能用逗号断开,而要用适当的连词或关系代词使它们形成从属或并列关系.据此可判断出逗号后面一句应由起连接作用的词开头.注意：有时关系代词前面还有其他附加成分.如：Biologists believe that rainforests are the home of perhaps half the world’s biotic species, about five-sixth of which have not yet been described and named.There are two spare rooms in the building, neither of which has been provided with modern facilities.4.as 与which用作关系代词的区别(1)as与the same, such, so, as等关联使用.如：As the forest goes, so goes its animal life.(2)as和which都可以引导非限定性定语从句,但as在句中的位置比较灵活,可出现在句首、句中、句末,而which只能出现在句末,尤其是当先行词是整个句子时.如：As is true in all institutions, juries are capable of making mistakes.As is generally accepted, economic growth is determined by the ooth development of production.常见的这类结构有：as has been said before, as has been mentioned above, as can be imagined, as is known to all, as has been announced, as can be seen from these figures, as might/could be expected, as is often the case, as has been pointed out, as often happens, as will be shown等.5.关系代词that与which用于引导定语从句的区别(1)如果关系代词在从句中做宾语,用that, which都可以,而且可以省略；(2)先行词是不定代词anything, nothing, little, all, everything时,关系代词用that；(3)先行词由形容词最高级或序数词修饰或由next,last, only, very修饰时,用that；(4)非限定性定语从句只能用which引导；(5)关系代词前面如果有介词,只能用which.6.but做关系代词,用于否定句,相当于who…not, that…not这个结构的特点是主句中常有否定词或含有否定意义的词.如：There are few teachers but know how to use a computer.There is no complicated problem but can be solved by a computer.