chren看这里!人教版高中英语必修五第一单元笔记

(9500.163.com) B5U1 一、重点单词和短语 1. characteristic n. 特征；特性（天生有别与他物的特征） 区分于character： ① 品质；特征----有关于个人道德的特征 ② 人物；角色 ③ 书写；印刷；符号 eg. Chinese character 汉字 2. conclude vt.& vi.结束；推断出 ① to conclude 再说最后一句（做插入语）=in conclusion ② conclude (sth.) with... 以......结束（某事） ③ conclude from...that... 从......得出结论...... eg. He concluded from their remarks that they were not in favour of the plan. ④ conclusion n. 结束；结论 draw a conclusion 得出结论 = reach/arrive at/come to a conclusion in conclusion 最后 make a conclusion 下结论；结束 3. defeat vt. 打败；战胜；使受挫；使困惑；难住 n.失败 区分 beat win： ① defeat+宾语（常为人） 打败某人 ② beat 常用于比赛、游戏 打败（队） ③ win+game/war/praise 赢得...... win over sb. 胜了某人 4. expert adj. 熟练的；经验或知识丰富的 n.专家；行家 be expert in... 在······方面是专家 eg. He is expert in biology. 5. attend vt. ① 照顾；护理 attend to sth. 处理；照料某事 attend (to) sb. 照料；处理某人 eg. There are more pressing matters to be attended to today ②出席；参加 区分：join/take part in/join in join 加入 （组织、团队、党派） attend 参加（会议、典礼、听课） take part in 指参加有组织的活动等，并起重要作用 join in 侧重指与某人一起做某事,参加（游戏、运动） join sb. in (doing) sth. join in（doing）sth. 6. expose vt. 暴露；揭露；使曝光 ① expose....to..... 把······暴露于····（把罪行等公之于众） eg. He exposed the secret to the public. ② expose sth. to sb. 揭发某人（骗子、冒名者） 7. cure ① n. 治愈；痊愈 a cure for sth. ···的治法或药物 ② vt. 治愈；治疗 cure sb. of sth. 矫正；改正某人不良行为；治愈某人的病 eg. Parents try to cure their chlidren of bad habits 区分：treat cure treat 治疗（强调治疗过程） treat sb. for/with sth. eg. The doctor treated her headache with a new medicine. cure 治愈 （强调治疗结果） cure sb. of sth. 治愈某人的病 相关带of的词组: accuse sb. of sth. 控告某人某事 = charge sb. with sth. rob sb. of sth. 抢劫某人某物 warn sb. of sth. 警告某人某事 rid sb. of sth. 使某人摆脱某事 remind sb. of sth. 提醒某人某事 cheat sb. of sth. 骗取某人某物 8. challenge ① n. 挑战 accept/take up the challenge 接受挑战 meet/respond to/face the challenge 回应；面对挑战 a challenge to (介词） 对·····挑战 ② vt. 向····挑战 challenge sb. to (do) sth. 挑战某人做某事 9. suggest v. 暗示，表明；提议，建议 ①suggest表示"暗示，表明"，其后的从句用的陈述语气 eg. The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air. suggest表示"建议"，其后的从句用的是虚拟语气， 即从句谓语动词用 "should+do", should可以省略 eg. The teacher suggested the boy should take up a challenge bravely. ②从句用虚拟语气的动词：下列表示"建议"、"命令"、"请求"的动词后面的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气，谓语用"should + 动词原形"，should 可以省略：我把它们简称"坚决要命类动词： 一坚持：insist 二命令：command ，order 四建议：suggest，advise，propose, recommend 五要求：ask (beg ), desire, demand, require request 外加三个词：prefer, urge, maintain 如： I insist that she (should) do her work alone. The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. One of the requirements for the experiment is that the material should be hated to its burning temperature. The teacher desired that all the exercises should be handed in Before school was over. 10.absorb ① vt. 吸收；吸引 (吸收液体、气体、光热等） absorb sth. into sth. 吸收····进····· eg. People absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals. absorb...from... 从·····中吸收····· eg. Jim absorbed a lot from what his teacher said. ② 使专心 be absorbed in 全神贯注于=absorb oneself in ③ 了解；掌握 11.suspect vt.认为；怀疑 n. 被怀疑者；嫌疑犯 ① suspect sb. of doing sth. 怀疑某人做某事 eg. The police suspected him of stealing the money. ② suspect sb. to be 怀疑某人是 eg. The police suspected him to be a thief=The police suspected that he is a thief. 12.blame ① vt.责备；谴责 blame sb. for（doing）sth. 为某事责备某人 blame sth. on sb. 把某事归咎于某人 sth./sb. be to blame (sth.） 某事/某人应受到责备 eg. It semed that the water was to blame ② n. 过失；责备 take the blame for = bear the blame for 对·····负责 place/put/lay the blame on 坏在·····身上 eg. He laid/put the blame for his failure on his teacher. 13. link vt.& n. 连接；联系 ① link...to... 将····和····联系起来 ② link up (with....) (与····）连接；结合 14. handle n.把手 vt. 处理 = deal with； 操纵 = operate 15. announce vt. 宣布；通告 ① announce sth. to sb. 向某人宣布某事 （注：announce不能跟双宾语，即没有announce sb. sth. 结构， 这样的动词还有 suggest，explain，report，say） ② It is announced that.... 据宣布······ ③ 辨析announce与declare announce 多指提前宣布或公开宣告大家关心的事或某事预示着···的到来 declare 一般指在正式场合宣布官方的立场或态度，后面可跟复合宾语。 达到当天最大量API KEY 超过次数限制

还有"断言；宣言"之意

④ n. announcement 宣布；通告 make an announcement 宣布；发表公告

16. instruct vt. 命令；指示；教导（作"命令，指示"讲时，后边从句用虚拟语气）

① instruct sb. to do sth. 通知某人做某事

② as instructed 按照指示

③ instruct sb. in sth. 教导某人某事 eg. She instructs us in maths.

17. responsible adj. 有责任的 be responsible for..... 对····负责

18. contribute

① vt.&vi. 捐献；贡献；捐助 contribute....to.... 把···贡献给···

② 辨析contribute与devote

contribute 表示"献身于某一事业或目标"时，其后不能接oneself或one's life

devote 表示"献身于，致力于"时，

常用 devote oneself to，devote one's life/time/energy/efforts to

③ 投稿 contribute to 向···投稿

④ v. 有助于；促成 contribute to 有助于，导致

⑤ n. contribution 贡献 make a contribution to..... 对···做出贡献

19. enthusiastic adj. 热情的 be enthusiastic about sb./(doing) sth. 对某人/（做）某事热心

eg. All the staff are enthusiastic about expanding the business in America.

20. cautious adj.小心的，谨慎的 be cautious about (doing) sth. 对（做）某事小心或谨慎

21. reject vt. 拒绝；不接受；抛弃 reject doing sth. 拒绝做某事

区分refuse reject

① reject 拒绝不适当或令人厌恶的东西，有"剔除"之意

② refuse 拒绝他人请求帮助

22.put forward (注：当代词作宾语时要放中间）

① 向前移

② 将···提前；把···向前拨;提出某事 put sth. Forward = put forward sth.

eg. The clock has been put forward by half an hour.

③ 提名某人（为某职位的候选人） put sb. forward (as....)

④ 相关词组：

put aside 把···放一边；不考虑

put away 放好；收好；储存

put up 举起；搭建；张贴；挂起

put down 写下；镇压

put off 推迟

put out 熄灭；生产；出版

put together 组装；装配；把···凑合起来

put on weight 增加体重

put...in force 使···生效

23.apart from

① 除···之外=expect

② 此外（除···之外还有）= as well as/besides

③ 只是（总体好，个别不定）= expect for

24.make sense

① 讲得通；有意义

② 明智的；合情合理的

③ 表达清楚，易于理解 make sense of sth. 理解某事

eg. Can you make sense out of what this book says

④ make no sense 没道理

there's no sense in doing sth. 做某事是没道理意义的

⑤ in a/one sense 就某种意义来说

⑥ in no sense = in no way = by no means 绝不

二、重点句型

1. only 位于句首的句型

① "only+状语（adv./介词短语）"位于句首，句子部分倒装；若接状语从句，主句倒装，

从句不倒装

eg. Only in big cities was it possible to buy a new wheelchair

Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.

② "only+主语"位于句首时，句子不倒装

eg. Only Lucy can solve this difficult problem

③ 辨析only if与if only

Only if 意为"只要，只有"，通常引导陈述语气的真实条件句，主句部分常为部分倒装语序

eg. Only if we link the disease to drinking water will we draw such a conclusion

If only 意为"但愿，要是······就好了"，常引导虚拟语气的条件句、感叹句

eg.If only I had another chance

2. It seemed that... 似乎······ （可改为简单句：sb./sth. seemed to do...）

eg. It seemed that the water was to blame

3. neither...nor 连接两个并列主语。

① 当neither...nor连接两个名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词的数遵循"就近"原则，即谓

语动词的数要与nor后面的名词或代词保持一致。

eg. Neither its cause nor its cure was understood

② 遵循就近原则的还有：either...or , not only...but also , not...but 等

4. have/get sth. Done

是"have/get+宾语+宾语补足语"的结构，意为"让某事被做，遭遇某事"，做事的主体是"别人"而非主语"自己"，此时sth.与动词do为被动关系，故用过去分词。

eg. I will have my new house decorated next month

5. Yet Copernicus' theory is now the basis on which all our ideas of the universe are built

句中on which all our ideas of the universe are built是"介词+关系代词"引导的定语从句， 修饰the basis

注：介词的确定要遵循"一先、二动、三意义"的原则。"一先"即根据先行词的某种习惯

搭配来确定介词；"二动"即根据定语从句中动词所需的某种习惯搭配来确定介词；"三

意义"即根据从句的意义来确定介词。

eg. The teacher for whom you are waiting is coming