连词起连接词与词,短语与短语以及句与句的作用。介词用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类,短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组,在句中作状语,表语,补语或介词宾语。
并列连词并列连词用于连接并列的单词、短语、从句或句子,如and,but,or,for等。
1.表示转折关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有but,yet等。例如:
(1)Someone borrowed my pen,but I don’t remember who.有人借了我的钢笔,但我不记得是谁了。
(2)He said he was our friend,yet he wouldn’t help us.他说他是我们的朋友,但却不肯帮助我们。
2.表示因果关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有for,so等。例如:
(1)The child had a bad cough,so his mother took him to the doctor.这孩子咳得很利害,所以他妈妈带他去看医生。
(2)You are supposed to get rid of carelessness,for it often leads to serious errors.你们一定要克服粗枝大叶,因为粗枝大叶常常引起严重的错误。
注意:for表示结果通常不能放句首,也不能单独使用。
3.表示并列关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有and,or,either...or,neither...nor,not only...but (also),both...and,as well as等。例如:
(1)He didn’t go and she didn’t go either.他没去,她也没去。
(2)The weather is mild today,it is neither hot nor cold.今天天气很温暖,不冷也不热。
(3)Both New York and London have traffic problems.纽约和伦敦都存在交通问题。
(4)It is important for you as well as for me.这对你和对我都很重要。
(5)People who are either under age or over age may not join the army.年龄不到或者超龄的人都不得参军。
从属连词1.引导时间状语从句的从属连词
(1)表示“当……时候”或“每当”的时间连词。主要的when,while,as,whenever。如:
Don’t talk while you’re eating.吃饭时不要说话。
(2)表示“在……之前(或之后)”的时间连词。主要的有before,after。如:
Try to finish your work before you leave.离开前设法把工作做完。
(3)表示“自从”或“直到”的时间连词。主要的有since,until,till。如:
She’s been playing tennis since she was eight.她从八岁起就打网球了。
(4)表示“一……就”的时间连词。主要的有as soon as,the moment,the minute,the second,immediately,directly,instantly,once,no sooner...than,hardly...when等。如:
I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from her.我一接她的信就通知你。
(5)表示“上次”、“下次”、“每次”等的时间连词。主要的有every time(每次),each time(每次),(the) next time(下次),any time(随时),(the) last time(上次),the first time(第一次)。如:
We lose a few skin cells every time we wash our hands.每当我们洗手的时候,我们都要损失一些皮肤细胞。
注意:every time,each time,any time前不用冠词,(the) next time,(the) last time中的冠词可以省略,而the first time中的冠词通常不能省略。
2.引导条件状语从句的从属连词。这类连词主要有if,unless,as [so] long as,in case等。如:
In case it rains they will stay at home.万一下雨,他们就呆在家里。
注意:在条件状语从句中,通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义,而不能直接使用将来时态。不过,有时表示条件的if之后可能用will,但那不是将来时态,而是表示意愿或委婉的请求(will为情态动词)。如:
If you will sit down for a few moments,I’ll tell the manager you’re here.请稍坐,我这就通知经理说您来了。
3.引导目的状语从句的从属连词。主要的有in order that,so that,in case,for fear等。如:
He raised his voice so that everyone could hear.他提高了嗓音,以便每个人都能听见。
4.引导结果状语从句的从属连词。主要的有so that,so...that,such...that等。如:
I went to the lecture early so that I got a good seat.我去听演讲去得很早,所以找个好座位。
5.引导原因状语从句的从属连词。主要的有because, as, since, seeing (that), now (that), considering(that)等。如:
He distrusted me because I was new.他不信任我,因为我是新来的。
6.引导让步状语从句的从属连词。主要的有although,though,even though,even if,while,however,whatever,whoever,whenever,wherever等。如:
(1)Although they are twins, they look entirely different.他们虽是孪生,但是相貌却完全不同。
(2)I like her even though she can be annoying.尽管她有时很恼人,但我还是喜欢她。
7.引导方式状语从句的从属连词。主要的有as,as if,as though,the way等。如:
Why didn’t you catch the last bus as I told you to?你怎么不听我的话赶乘末班公共汽车呢?
8.引导地点状语从句的从属连词。主要的有where,wherever,everywhere,anywhere等。如:
The church was built where there had once been a Roman temple.这座教堂盖在一座罗马寺庙的旧址。
9.引导比较状语从句的从属连词。主要的有than和as...as。如:
She was now happier than she had ever been.现在她比过去任何时候都快活。
10.引起名词从句的从属连词。主要有that,whether,if等,它们用于引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。其中that不仅没不充当句子成分,而且没有词义,在句子中只起连接作用;而if,whether虽不充当句子成分,但有词义,即表示“是否”。如:
He replied that he was going by train.他回答说他将坐火车去。
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