with在英语中表示什么关系

英语中动词的使用形式多种多样，与汉语截然不同，因此其用法成为学生学习中的一大困难。

英语中动词分四类，即：实义动词、连系动词、情态动词、助动词。如何进行中考辅导？

一、实义动词

﹙一﹚理解基本用法，运用基本原理指导学习实践，做到有理可依、有据可循，实义动词在句中运用时，分谓语形式和非谓语形式。

1．谓语形式：当某个实义动词或词组充当句子的谓语时，它的形式随语态、时态以及

主语人称和数的变化而变化。

2．非谓语形式：

⑴．不定式

①意义：动词的非谓语形式，常发生在谓语或前位非谓语的即时时间之后，作主语、宾语﹙动词宾语﹚、宾语补足语、表语、定语﹙常表示功能﹚、状语。

②．构成：不定式= to﹢动词原形

③．否定结构= not to do sth

④．复合结构= for sb.﹙not﹚ to do sth

⑤．与疑问词连用：如what to do

⑥．在下列动词后的不定式省略“to”：三看﹙look see watch﹚两听﹙listen hear﹚一感觉﹙feel﹚，注意﹙notice﹚使﹙make﹚让﹙let have﹚帮﹙help﹚→可不省。

⑦．形式主语：当不定式、否定结构、复合结构、与疑问词连用等形式作句子主语时，用it来代替它，而将真正的主语置于谓语之后，“it”叫形式主语。

⑵．动名词

①．意义：动词的非谓语形式，常常发生或预定在谓语或前位非谓语的即时时间之前，表示事实、爱好、功能、习惯等，起名词作用。作主语、宾语﹙包括介词宾语和动词宾语﹚、表语、定语﹙常表示功能﹚等。

②．构成：动名词=V+ing

③. 否定结构= not doing sth

④. 复合结构=one’﹙ not﹚doing sth

⑶．现在分词

①．意义：动词的非谓语形式，常指相对谓语或前位非谓语的即时时间正在发生的动作，表示主动。

②．用法：常作定语﹙单个词前置，短语后置﹚、宾语补足语和状语﹙如时间状语、方式状语、伴随状语等﹚。

⑷．过去分词

①．意义：动词的非谓语形式，常指相对谓语或前位非谓语的即时时间已发生的动作。表示被动。

②．用法：常作定语﹙单个词前置，短语后置﹚、宾语补足语和状语﹙如时间状语、方式状语、伴随状语等﹚。

3．举例说明：

⑴.I want① to give up② studying ③at school to look after ④ my sick mother at home.

点拨：①作谓语→主动语态→一般现在时。②非谓语→发生在谓语之后→不定式。③非谓语→发生在前位非谓语之前→动名词。④非谓语→发生在前位非谓语之后→不定式。

⑵．The teacher told ①us not to forget ②to turn off ③the lights when we left④ the room

点拨：①作谓语→主动语态→一般过去时。②非谓语→发生在谓语之后→不定式。③非谓语→发生在前位非谓语之后→不定式。④作谓语→主动语态→一般过去时。

﹙3﹚Look, There is① a boy taking down② a picture put up③on the wall.

点拨：①作谓语→一般现在时。②非谓语→相对谓语即时时间正在发生,主动→现在分词.③非谓语→发生在前位非谓语之前→表示被动→过去分词.

﹙二﹚．既要求同亦要寻异

凡事都具有共性，又具有个性。不能千篇一律地用某个规则或原理去解决所有问题。因此，在把握

实义动词基本用法的大前提下，教师还要引导、启发、教育学生善于观察、比较、体味个别动词的特殊用

法，做到共性与个性的统一。关于动名词的使用应注意：

1．介词﹢动名词 如：You can watch TV after fishing your homework.

2．动词﹙词组﹚﹢动名词 这样的动词有：

give in doing 屈服做某事 be busy doing 忙于做某事

stop doing 阻止某人做某事 practice doing 练习做某事

enjoy doing 喜欢做某事 finish doing 做完某事

complete doing 做完某事 end up doing 做完某事

mind doing 介意做某事 spend…﹙in﹚doing 花费时间做某事

can’t stand doing 容忍做某事 keep on doing 一直做某事

be worth doing 值得做某事 appreciate doing 感激做某事

avoid doing 避免做某事 be used to doing 习惯做某事

pay attention to doing 注意做某事 get used to doing 习惯做某事

excuse doing 推辞做某事 give up doing 放弃做某事

carry on doing 坚持做某事 do some reading 读书

make a countribution to doing do /washing/swimming洗衣/游泳

为做某事做贡献 look forward to doing盼望做某事

prefer doing to doing与做某事比， take a swimming course 上游泳课

更喜欢做某事 insist on doing 坚持做某事

stick doing 坚持做某事 take the leading position 站主导地位

consider doing 考虑做某事 imagine doing 想像做某事

miss doing 错过做某事 put off doing 推迟做某事

risk doing 冒险做某事 suggest doing 做某事建议

3.下列动词既可接不定式又可接动名词，但意义不同：

⑴.like/love/hate

① doing：表示习惯 例：I like getting up early every morning.

② to do：表示具体活动 例：Can you come out to play with me ?

⑵．Stop

① doing：停止做某事﹙某事不做了﹚例：Please stop working if you are tired.

② to do：停下来去做某事﹙某事要做﹚例：I am tired to have a rest.

⑶．go on

① doing：继续做同一件事 例：Go on studying hard if you want to get better grades.

② to do：继续做另一件事 例：After leaving school,he go on to go to college.

⑷.remember

① doing：记得做过的事 例：I remember seeing you somewhere.

② to do：记得要做的事 例：Rrmember to turn off the light when leaving the room.

⑸.forget

① doing：忘记做过的事 例：I forget seeing you somewhere

② to do：忘记要做的事 例：Don’t forget to turn off the light when leaving the room

⑥.need/want/require

① doing：表示被动 例The blackboard needs cleaning﹦The blackboard needs to be

cleaned.

② to do：表示主动 例：She needs to have a rest.

⑺.try

① doing：试着做某事 例：Let me try driving for you.

② to do：尽力做某事 例：We must try to finish it on time.

⑻.continue

① doing：继续做同一件事 例：Continue studying hard if you want to get better

grades.

② to do：继续做另一件事 例：After leaving school,he .continue to go to college.

⑼.can’t help

① doing：情不自禁做某事 例：when he heard the news,he can’t help jumping.

② to do：不能帮助做某事 例：Sorry, I can’t help to do it for you.

⑽.mean

①.doing：意思做某事 例：What I said means not telling him the news now.

②. to do：打算做某事 例：I mean to start off tomorrow.

⑾.agree

①. on doing：对做某事表示同意 例：We agree on holding a sports meeting soon.

②. to do：同意要做某事 例：I agree to go to the park on Sunday.

⑿ .decide

①. on doing：对做某事做出决定 例：We have decided on stopping him from woking on.

②．to do：决定要做某事 例：I decide to go abroad for study.

⒀.encourage

①. doing：鼓励做某事例：The government encourages planting trees to protect the

environment

②. sb. to do：鼓励某人做某事 例：The teacher often encourages us to study hard.

⒁.allow

①. doing：允许做某事例：We don’t allow smoking here

②. sb. to do：允许某人做某事做 例：We don’t allow you to smoke here

⒂.advise

①. doing：建议做某事 例：We advise going skating tomorrow.

②. sb. to do：建议某人做某事 例：We advise you to go skating tomorrow.

⒃.permit

①. doing：允许做某事 例：The boss did not permit working for shorter.

②. sb. to do：允许某人做某事 例：The boss did not permitme to work for shorter.

⒄.begin/start 开始做某事

①.doing：“doing” 为动态动词或begin/start为其它时态 例：Let’s begin running.

②. to do：“do” 为静态动词或begin/start已为进行时 例：I began to believe what he had said. 例：It is beginning to rain.

⒅.plan

①. on doing对做某事做出计划 例：We have decided on building a school next year.

②. to do计划做某事 例：：We have decided to build a school next year.

﹙三﹚. 再现要点，筛取重点，各个击破，做到目标明确，有的放矢。即：将初中三年以来所学过有关实义动词的要点归纳总结，以书面或幻灯形式出示给学生，自己提取难点，教师指导，逐一突破。

A

aim at 针对…agree with sb. 同意某人的意见或建议ask for请求、索要 add…to…把…和…加起来 ask for a ride 搭车ask for a day off请一天假 achieve a victory取得胜利

acount for公布、宣布…arrive in到达﹙大地方﹚ arrive at到达﹙小地方﹚ argue with 与…争吵apologize to 向…道歉

B

be supposed to do sth.应该做某事 break up with sb.与某人断绝关系 be used for doing被用来做某事 be used to do被用来做某事 break out 爆发believe in信任 begin/start with以…开始 belong to属于… built …into…把…建成… base on以…为基础 break off解散解雇 break down 破坏borrow… from …向借bring . 把某物给某人带来bring sth. to sb. 把某物给某人带来beg your parden 再重复一遍break the rule违规 help sb. with sth. 帮助某人做某事break into破门而入 buy sb. sth.给某人买某物 buy sth. for sb. 给某人买某物

C

come into being形成、出现 come true变为现实come for a visit来参观come on 过来、跟着来come down with抵御、抑制come back回来come out of 从…里出来come to do sth.逐渐做某事come back from work下班回来come about 发生come from来自… come here 来这里come home来到家 come to到…来 come along出现、发生 come over过来 come into进入…里 come in 进来come out出来come out of从…里出来come up to 向…走来come to the party 来参加聚会catch up with 赶上…catch a fire着火catch hold of抓住…catch a bus赶公共汽车 cut up 切碎cut in half切成半cut off切断﹙电源、水源﹚cut in line插队 care for关心、关爱care about在意…call for号召call on拜访 call out呼喊 call up给…打电话call sb. at some number给某人大某个号码 calm down 镇静下来 communicate with 与…交流complain about 抱怨…can’ t wait to do sth.迫不及待做某事clean up 清理、打扫干净carry out 执行click on 点击connect …to… 把…和…连起来chat on line网上聊天check over检查

D

drop by 顺便拜访drop out of school辍学drop litter丢垃圾do an experiment 做实验do an operation on sb. 给某人做手术do sth. in person亲自做某事 do business做生意 do exercise 做操do with处理 do wrong 做错事do one’s homework做作业 do some sports做运动 do well in对…学得好 do one’lesson 做功课do the dishes 洗餐具 do one’s best to do sth.尽力做某事 do one’sresolution 做决定要做的事do harm to对…有危害 do some cleaning 扫除do some reading读书 do some shopping购物do some cooking做饭 do the laundry洗衣服do some chores做杂务 deal with 处理disagree with sb.不同意某人意见describe… as …把…描绘为…die of 死于﹙直接内因，如疾病、饥渴﹚die from死于﹙间接外因，如车祸、天灾﹚die out 灭绝drive sb. crazy使某人发疯drive to…开车去… divide… into…把…分成…depend on依赖…decide on﹙doing﹚sth. dry out干涸 dry up 烘干dream of 梦想…draw up起草、拟定 dress sb. 给某人穿衣dress in穿着dress up打扮beat sb.赢了某人

E

e-mail sb.给某人发电子邮件 educate sb. to do sth.教育某人做某事enjoy oneself 玩得愉快enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事end up doing sth.结束做某事 explain sth. to sb. 向某人解释某事encourage doing sth. 鼓励做某事encourage sb. to sth.鼓励某人做某事 express sb. sth.= express sth. to sb.向某人表达某事 eat up吃光

F

fall over摔倒、倒塌 fall ill病倒 fall asleep入睡 fall in love with爱上、迷恋 fight against与…作斗争 follow the rules 遵守规则fail the exam考试不及格 find out查明﹙原因、真相﹚ feel like doing 想做某事fly a kite 放风筝fly to乘飞机去… fit into … 适应… fill in =fill out 填充填写 fill…with…用…填…feel sorry for因…而难过 forget to do sth. 忘记要做的事forget doing sth. 忘记做过的事finish doing sth.做完某事fold the clothes叠衣服

G

get here/there到这里﹙那里﹚ get home到家 get on 上﹙车、船、飞机等﹚get off下﹙车、船、飞机等﹚ get up起来、起床 get down 取下get to sleep 入睡get .=get sth. for sb.给某人取某物 get good grades 取得好成绩get out one’way to do sth. 特地做某事get rid of 除掉…get to到达 get out of 从…里出来get into 进入get in the way of妨碍 get together 集会 get into trouble陷入困境 get out of trouble 脱离困境get used to﹙doing﹚sth.习惯﹙做﹚某事 get to do sth.着手做某事 get ready for为…做准备 get sb. into trouble使某人陷入困境 get away from远离…get a sore back 背痛get back to sb. 过会儿与某人通话﹙打电话用语﹚get on/along well with 与相处…融洽 get to know认识 get married结婚 get in touch with 与…取得联系go to… 去…go home 回家go there去那里 go back回去 go out 出去go out for…出去做… go down/along 沿着…走go to school上学 go to college 上大学go to the doctor’去医务室go to the cinema 去看电影go across…穿过…﹙平面﹚ go to work上班 go bad变坏 go by流逝﹙时间﹚ go to the lessons去上课 go to the party去聚会 go one’own way走自己的路 go for a walk 去散步go sightseeing去观光 go the same way同路 go away 走开go to sleep 入睡go to bed 上床睡觉go on to do sth.继续做另一件事 go on doing sth. 继续做同一件事go on with继续…go shopping 去购物go hiking 去远足 go abroad 出国go over复习 go downstairs/upstairs下楼/上楼 go on a trip去从事旅游 go in for sports进行体育运动 give .=give sth. to sb.把某物给某人 give in﹙doing﹚sth.屈服﹙做﹚某事 give up﹙doing﹚sth.放弃﹙做﹚某事 give away 赠送give out 颁发give back 归还 give off 发出﹙气味等﹚give sb. some advice给某人提建议 give a talk作报告give lessons to sb. 给某人上课give sb. a good beating 好好教训某人一下give back 归还give sb. a hand 帮某人个忙 grow up 长大

H

have a good time 玩得愉快have a discussion 进行讨论have a party 举行聚会have a meeting 开会have nothing to do with与…无关 have trouble with sth. 做某事有困难have trouble doing sth. 费力做某事have sb. do sth. 让某人做某事have sb./sth. doing .让某人/某物一直做…have 请某人做某事 have fun玩得愉快 have a fever 发烧have a cold 感冒have a cough 咳嗽have a stamachache胃痛 have a toothache牙痛 have fun doing sth.愉快地做某事 have noodles for lunch 午饭吃面条have a match 举行比赛have a fight with与…比赛、斗争 have no idea of不知道… have a hard time doing sth. 艰难地做某事 have sth. to do with 与…有关 have an accident 发生事故have supper 吃晚饭have class上课 have water喝水 have a conversation with 与…会话have a look at 看一下… have a talk with与…谈话 have a problem with做某事有疑难have difficulty doing . 费力做某事have a good trip路途愉快 have a try 试一下have a laugh at 嘲笑.… have a pity on sb.同情某人 have a rest 休息一下 hear of 听说hear from 收到…的来信hands up举手 hand in上交 hand out分发 hand …to …把…递给…hold up 抓住、握住hold a meeting 举行会议 hold a game 举行比赛hold an exhibition举行展览 happen to do sth.恰巧做某事 hurry up 赶快 hurry off 匆忙离开 help oneself to sth. 随便用…help sb. with sth.帮助某人做某事

I

It’s one’s turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事invite sb. to do sth.邀请某人做某事 insist on doing sth..坚持做某事

J

Join in 穿着join together团结起来join the army 参军join the party入党

K

Keep out不让进入keep down 压低﹙音量等﹚keep a pet 饲养宠物keep in good mood 保持好心情keep on doing一直做某事 keep healthy保持健康 keep in good health保持健康 keep up with跟上… keep sb. doing使某人一直做某事 keep off 防御 keep in touch with与…保持联系 knock at=knock on敲…

L

Learn …by oneself 自学… learn…from …向…学习 learn …by heart 记住…leave for离开去某处leave sth. somewhere 把某物忘在某处leave school毕业 leave one by oneself 把某人单独留下 leave a message for sb.给某人留个口信 lend sb. sth. =lend sth. to sb.把某物借给某人 lead to导致 live on…以…为生 live a happy life 过着幸福的生活look after照看… look for 寻找…look down on 藐视…look up查找﹙字词等﹚ look over检查﹙身体等﹚ look forward to盼望…look on …as 把看作…look at看… look like 看起来像… look around环顾 look out当心 look out of 向…外面看look through 浏览look the same 看起来一样look inside向…里面看 like…better较喜欢 like…best 最喜欢 like to do sth.喜欢做某事﹙具体活动﹚ like doing sth. 喜欢做某事﹙习惯﹚laugh at嘲笑喜欢做某事﹙具体活动﹚lose touch with与…失去联系let sb. in 让某人进去lie dowm躺下

M

Make sb. feel at home使某人感到宾至如归 make one’s mind to do sth. 决心做某事make a face 做鬼脸make money挣钱 make fools of sb.愚弄某人 make a journey旅行 make progress 取得进步make a countribution to为…做贡献 make a noise 吵闹 make a mistake 犯错误make …of…由…制作…﹙看出原材料﹚

make …from …由…制作…﹙看不出原材料﹚ make up… of …由…组成…make a plan 定计划make one’s bed 整理床铺make a report 编写报告 make sure of确信…make use of 利用…make a sentence with用…造句 make a decision做出决定 make success 取得成功make oneself understood 表达自己的意思make a teleohone to sb.给…打电话 make a survey of 调查…make preparation for 为…做准备make friends with与交朋友make a living谋生 make a comment about评论… major in专修

match …with … 把…和…搭配起来move to搬到… mention sb. sth.=mention sb. 向某人提到某事mistake…for…把…错认为…meet with 遇到﹙困难、麻烦等﹚mix up混合

N

Name sb.把某人/某物叫做X

O

Offer sb. sth.=offer sth. to sb.把某物提供给某人 order sb. to do sth.命令某人做某事open up完全打开

P

play football 踢足球play chess 下棋play cards打牌play bridge打桥牌 play the guitar 弹吉他play the violin弹小提琴 play sports 做运动play games 玩游戏play with 玩耍…play jokes on sb.对某人开玩笑play the CD.播放CD. play the music 播放音乐 play a part in在…中扮演角色 play a role of 扮演…的角色play against与…比赛play hide-and-seek捉迷藏 pay for付…款 pay attention to 注意…pass﹙on﹚sb. sth.=pass sth. to sb. 把某物递给pass the exam 通过考试pass by路过… put on穿上、上映 put away把…收拾起来 put…into… 把…放入…里put up举起、张贴 put out熄灭put off 推迟prevent sb.﹙from﹚doing sth.阻止某人做某事 prefer to do rather than do与做另一件事相比更喜欢做某事 prefer﹙doing﹚sth. to ﹙doing﹚sth. 与…相比更喜欢…poin to 指向poin at 指着poin out指出 provode sb. with sth.=provide sth. for sb.为某人提供某物 practice doing sth.练习做某事 place an order for…定购…pick up捡起、拾起

R

run away 逃跑run after 追赶run out of 用光、从…里跑出来run over to…跑过去到… run on…靠…运行 read sth. to sb.把某物读给某人听 read sth. for sb.替某人读某物 receive a letter from… 收…到来信rain heavily 下大雨ride a bike骑自行车 rise up升起 raise money 筹集资金refer to涉及、提到 regard… as…把…看作…reach out 伸出﹙手等﹚

S

send sb. sth.=send sth. to sb. 把某物送给某人send up发射 send an e-mail 发送电子邮件send for…派人请…send …for…派…请… send into 送入…里send away驱逐 send off解雇 shake hands with与…握手 stick…into…把…插入…里 stick doing sth.坚持做某事 stop sb. from doing sth.阻止某人做某事stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事stop doing sth. 停止做某事stare at 盯着… sell out买光 sell sb. sth.=sell sth. to sb.把某物买给某人 sell sth. for money卖某物赚钱 see a doctor 看医生see sb. off为某人送行 see a film 看电影say goodbye to sb.向某人告别say hello to sb.向某人问好set up 竖立、建造set up one’s mind on sth.全神贯注于… speak of 讲到speak highly of 称颂…speak English 讲英语 search…for…搜索…来寻找…start to do sth.着手做某事start with …以…开始 spend﹙time/money﹚on sth.= spend﹙time/money﹚﹙in﹚doing sth.花费﹙时间/金钱﹚做某事 spend time with sb. 和某人呆在一起sort…into…把…划分成… show .=show sth. to sb.把某物给某人看 show sb. around somewhere领某人参观某处show up 露面 stay in bed 呆在床上slow down减速 smile at对…微笑 suit sb.适合某人 share…with… 与…分享…stay up 熬夜stand for代表… stand up起立 succeed in doing sth.成功地做某事 shut up关闭 surprise sb. 使某人惊奇shout to 向…喊shout at对…喊 seem like 好像sweep the floor拖地step on 践踏 suggest doing sth.建议做某事 supply sb. With sth.=supply sth. for sb.为某人供应某物

T

Take a message for sb.给某人捎个信 take a bus乘工交车 take one’s order按某人的顺序 take a walk 散步take… to…把…带到…去 take a shower淋浴 take the first turning on theleft=turn left at the first crossing 在第一个十字路路口向左转take away 带走take an interest in 对…感兴趣take the medicine 服药take exercise锻炼 take a long vacation 度长假take it easy不要紧 take one’s temperature量某人的体温 take off 起飞/脱下﹙衣服、鞋帽等﹚take a lesson/class 上课take a day off 休一天假take an exam 参加考试 take the lead to do sth. 带头做某事take…out of… 把…从…中取处来take a rest休息一下 take one’s turn to do sth.按某人顺序做某事 take part in 参加﹙活动﹚take a drink 喝酒take…as an example拿…当作例子 take over接管 take care of照顾、照看 take in吸取吸收 take up 占据﹙空间、时间﹚take the pride in 以…而骄傲﹙强调动作﹚take place 发生﹙不及物﹚take the leading position占主导地位 take a swimming course上游泳课 take a jump跳高 take a deep breath深呼吸 take the place of 代替…take a photo of 照…的相talk about谈论…talk with 与…谈话talk to对谈话 turn left﹙right﹚向左﹙右﹚转turn up 调高﹙音量等﹚turn down调低﹙音量等﹚turn on打开﹙电器、煤气、水龙头﹚ turn off 关闭﹙电器、煤气、水龙头﹚turn…into…把…变成… turn to… 转向… turn green 变绿think about考虑、思考… think of想起、想到… think over仔细考虑 tell sb. about sth. 把某物的情况告诉某人tell sb. sth.=tellsth. to sb.把某事告诉某人 tell a joke 讲笑话tell a story 讲故事try on 试穿try to do sth.尽力做某事try doing sth. 试着做某事try one’s best to do sth. .尽力做某事thanks for感谢…travel to …到…旅行tie…to…把…绑到…上treat …as…把…当作…来对待trouble sb. to do sth. 麻烦某人做某事throw away 扔掉translate… into…把…翻译成…

U

urge sb. to sth.强烈要求某人做某事 use up用尽 used to do sth.过去做某事

V

visit sb/somewhere慰问某人/参观某处

W

wake up醒来、叫醒 welcome to…欢迎到…来wait for等待… wait in line 排队等候write to …给…写信 write down记下 win the World Cup 赢得世界杯 win a prize获奖 wear out穿坏wear glasses戴眼镜 wipe…off…把…从…上拭去work hard at努力学习… work out 解决﹙问题、麻烦等﹚work on从事… walk along/down 沿着…走want to do sth. 想做某事want a go试一下 watch a game观看比赛 wind up 给…上劲warn sb. to do sth.警告某人做某事 warn sb. of sth. 提醒某人做某事worry about… 担心…

智学英文：短视频+图说英语

习得路径：拼读+跟读+阅读

图说新概念+图说单词+七日练音标/拼读/单词/语法

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