要想学习医学术语,先要了解其基本定义、学会分析单词构成成分、掌握常见构词成分(combining form)、词根(root)、词缀(prefix suffix),方能窥知一二、略有所成。
一、什么是医学术语?
Medicalterminology is language that is used to accurately describe the human body andassociated components, conditions, processes and procedures in a science-basedmanner. It is to be used in the medical and nursing fields.【1】
医学术语是一门语言,它以科学为基础的方式用来精确描述人体和与之相关的部分、条件、过程和程序。它用于医学和护理领域。
二、学习医学术语的宗旨【2】
Analyze words by dividing theminto component parts.
通过划分构词成分来分析单词。
Relate the medical terms to thestructure and function of the human body.
将医学术语与人体的解剖结构和功能相联系。
Be aware of spelling and pronunciationproblems.
Analyze words by dividing theminto component parts.
通过划分构词成分来分析单词。
Relate the medical terms to thestructure and function of the human body.
将医学术语与人体的解剖结构和功能相联系。
Be aware of spelling and pronunciationproblems.
注意拼写和发音问题。
三、单词构成的常见公式
词根 + 连接元音 + 后缀
或
词根 + 连接元音 + 词根 + 连接元音 + 后缀
四、医学术语的重要成分
词根(root):单词的基础(the foundation of the word)。每个医学术语必有一个或更多。
后缀(suffix):单词的结尾(word ending)。每个医学术语必有一个后缀。
前缀(prefix):单词的开头(word beginning)。并非每个医学术语都有前缀。
连接元音(combining vowel):通常是 o ,连接词根与词缀或词根与词根。
构词成分(combining form):由词根和连接元音组成(root + combining vowel = COMBINING FORM)。
词根(root):单词的基础(the foundation of the word)。每个医学术语必有一个或更多。
后缀(suffix):单词的结尾(word ending)。每个医学术语必有一个后缀。
前缀(prefix):单词的开头(word beginning)。并非每个医学术语都有前缀。
连接元音(combining vowel):通常是 o ,连接词根与词缀或词根与词根。
构词成分(combining form):由词根和连接元音组成(root + combining vowel = COMBINING FORM)。
从后缀往前理解整个术语的含义
若后缀是元音打头,则去掉连接元音:gastritis,不是「gastroitis」
用元音连接两个词根:gastroenterology,不是「gastrenterology」
从后缀往前理解整个术语的含义
若后缀是元音打头,则去掉连接元音:gastritis,不是「gastroitis」
用元音连接两个词根:gastroenterology,不是「gastrenterology」
用斜杠「/」来划分每个术语
识记常见词根词缀
制作单词抽认卡(flash cards)
按时复习
用斜杠「/」来划分每个术语
识记常见词根词缀
制作单词抽认卡(flash cards)
按时复习
常见构词成分Combining Form 构词成分 Meaning Example (Definition) aden/o Gland 腺体 adenopathy 腺体病 (gland disease) carcin/o Cancer 肿瘤 carcinoma 上皮组织来源的恶性肿瘤 (cancerous tumor) cardi/o heart 心脏 cardiac 心脏的 (pertaining to the heart) chem/o chemical 化学的 chemotherapy (treatment withchemicals Cis/o To cut 切开 Incision (process of cutting into) Dermat/o skin 皮肤 Dermatology 皮肤病学 (study of the skin) Enter/o Small intestines 小肠 Pertaining to the small intestines Gastr/o Stomach 胃 Gastric 胃的 (pertaining to the stomach) Gynec/o Female 女性 Gynecology 妇科学 (study of females) Hemat/o Blood 血 Pertaining to the blood) Hydr/o Water 水 Hydrocele 水囊肿 (Protrusion of water含水的凸起) Immune/o Immune 免疫 Immunology 免疫学 (study of immunity) Laryng/o Voice box 喉 Laryngeal 喉的 (pertaining to the voice box) Morph/o Shape 形态 Morphology 形态学 (study of shape) Nephr/o Kidney 肾 Nephromegaly 巨肾 (enlarged kidney) Neur/o Nerve 神经 Neural 神经的 (pertaining to a nerve 与神经有关 ) Ophthalm/o Eye 眼 Ophthalmic (pertaining to the eye) Ot/o Ear 耳 Otic 耳的 (pertaining to the ear) Path/o Disease 病 Pathology 病理学 (study of disease) Pulmon/o Lung 肺 Pulmonary 肺的 (pertaining to the lungs) Rhin/o Nose 鼻子 Rhinoplasty 鼻成型术 (surgical repair of the nose) Ur/o Urine, urinary tract 尿路 Urology 泌尿外科 (study of the urinary tract)
2. 常见前缀
Prefix 前缀 Meaning Example (Definition) a- Without, away from 无 Aphasia 失语症 (without speech) An- Without 缺 Anoxia 缺氧 (without oxygen) Ante Before, in front of 前 Antepartum 产前的 (before birth) Anti- Against 抗 Antibiotic 抗生素 (against life) Auto- Self 自体的 Autograft 自体移植物 (a graft from one’s own body) Brady- Slow Bradycardia 心动过缓 (slow heartbeat) Dys- Painful, difficult 困难 Dyspnea 呼吸困难 (painful breathing) Endo- Within, inner 内 Endoscope 内窥镜 (instrument to view within) Epi- Upon, over 上 Epigastric 上腹部 (upon or over the stomach) Eu- Normal, good 正常 Eupnea 平静呼吸 (normal breathing) Hetero- Different Heterograft 异种移植 (a graft from another person’s body) Homo- Same Homozygous 纯合子 (having two identical genes) Hydro- Water 水 Hydrotherapy 水疗法 (water therapy) Hyper- Over, above 超过 Hypertrophy 肥大 (overdevelopment) Hypo- Under, below Hypoglossal 舌下的 (under the tongue) Infra- Under, beneath, below Infraorbital 眶下的 (below, under the eye socket 眼窝 ) Inter- Among, between Intervertebral 椎间盘 (between the vertebrae) Intra- Within, inside Intravenous 静脉内的 (inside, within a vein) Macro- Large Macrocephalic 巨头 (having a large head) Micro- Small Microcephalic 小头 (having a small head) Neo- New Neonate 新生儿 (newborn) Pan- All Pancarditis 全心炎 (inflammation of all the heart) Para- Beside, beyond, near Paranasal 鼻旁的 (near or alongside the nose) Per- Through Percutaneous 经皮的 (through the skin) Peri- Around Pericardial 心包的 (around the heart) Post- After Postpartum 产后 (after birth) Pre- Before, in front of Prefrontal 前额的 (in front of the frontal bone) Pseudo- False Pseudocyesis 假孕 (false pregnancy) Retro- Backward, behind Retrograde 逆行 (movement in a backwards diretion) Sub- Below, under 下 Subcutaneous 皮下的 (under, below the skin) Super- Above, excess Supernumerary 额外的 (above the normal number) Supra- Above 前 Suprapubic 耻骨前 (above the pubic bone) Tachy- Rapid, fast Tachycardia 心动过速 (fast heartbeat) Trans- Through, across Transurethral 经尿道的 (across the urethra) Ultra- Beyond, excess Ultrasound 超声 (high-frequency sound waves)
3. 数字前缀
Prefix Meaning Example (Definition) Bi- Two Bilateral 双侧 (two sides) di- Two Diplegic 双侧瘫 (paralysis of two extremities四肢) Hemi- Half Hemiplegia 偏瘫 (paralysis of one side of the body Mono- One Monoplegia 单瘫 (paralysis of one extremity) Multi- Many Mutigravida 经产妇 (woman pregnant more than once) Nulli- None Nulligravida 未孕妇 (woman with no pregnancies) Poly- Many Polyuria 多尿 (large amounts of urine) Quad- Four Quadriplegia 四肢瘫痪 (paralysis of all four extremities) Semi- Partial, half Semiconscious 半意识 (partially conscious) Tri- Three Triceps 三头肌 (muscle with three heads) Uni- one Unilateral 单侧 (one side)
4. 常见后缀
Suffix 后缀 Meaning Example (Definition) -algia Pain 疼痛 Gastralgia 胃痛 (stomach pain) -cele Hernia 疝, protrusion 突出 Cystocele 膀胱突出症 (protrusion of the bladder) -cise Cut Excise 切除 (to cut out) -dynia Pain Cardiodynia 心痛 (heart pain) -ectasis dilatation 扩张 Bronchiectasis 支气管扩张 (dilated bronchi) -ectopia Displacement 异位 Corectopia 瞳孔异位 (pupil of the eye not centered) --gen That which produces 致 Mutagen 诱变剂 (that which produces mutations) -genesis Produces, generates 生成 Osteogenesis 骨生成 (produces bone) -genic Producing Carcinogenic 致癌的 (producing cancer) -ia State, condition状态 Hemiplegia 偏瘫 (condition of being half paralyzed) -iasis Abnormal condition Lithiasis 结石症 (abnormal condition of stones) -ism State of Hypothyroidism 甲状腺功能减退 (state of low thyroid) -itis Imflammation 炎 Cellulitis 蜂窝织炎 (inflammation of cells) -logist One who studies 学家 Cardiologist 心脏病学家 (one who studies the heart) -logy Study of 学科 Cardiology 心脏病学 (study of the heart) -lysis Destruction Osteolysis 溶骨 (bone destruction) -malacia Abnormal softening 软化 Chondromalacia 软骨软化 (abnormal cartilage softening) -megaly Enlargement, large 扩大 Cardiomegaly 心脏扩大 (enlarged heart) -oma Tumor, mass 癌 Carcinoma 癌 (cancerous tumor) -osis Abnormal condition Cyanosis 发绀 (abnormal condition of being blue) -pathy Disease 病 Myopathy 肌病 (muscle disease) -plasia Development, growth 发育 Dysplasia 发育不良 (abnormal development) -plasm Formation, development Neoplasm 新生物 (new formation) -ptosis Drooping 脱垂 Roctoptosis 直肠脱垂 (drooping rectum) -rrhage Excessive, abnormal flow Hemorrhage 出血 (excessive bleeding) -rrhea Discharge, flow 分泌物 Rhinorrhea 鼻溢 (discharge from the nose) -rrhexis Rupture 破裂 Hysterorrhexis 子宫破裂 (ruptured uterus) -sclerosis Hardening 硬化 Arteriosclerosis 动脉硬化 (hardening of an artery) -stenosis Narrowing 狭窄 Angiostenosis 血管狭窄 (narrowing of a vessel) -therapy Treatment 疗法 Chemotherapy 化疗 (treatment with chemicals) -trophy Nourishment,development Hypertrophy 肥大 (excessive development) -uria Condition of the urine 尿 Hematuria 血尿 (blood in the urine)
5. 手术相关后缀
Suffix Meaning Example (Definition) -centesis Puncture to withdraw fluid 穿刺术 Anthrocentesis (puncture to withdraw fluid from a joint) -ectomy Surgical removal 切除术 Gastrectomy 胃切除术 (surgically remove the stomach) -ostomy Surgically create an opening 造口术 Colostomy 结肠造口术 (surgically create an opening for the colon through the abdominal wall) -otomy Cutting into 切开术 Thoracotomy 胸廓切开术 (cutting into the chest) -pexy Surgical fixation 固定术 Nephropexy 肾固定术 (surgical fixation of a kidney) -plasty Surgical repair 整形术 Dermatoplasty 植皮术 (surgical repair of the skin) -rrhaphy suture 缝合 Myorrhaphy 肌缝合术 (suture together muscle)
6. 检查相关后缀
Suffix Meaning Example (Definition) -gram Record or picture 图 Electrocardiogram 心电图 (record of heart’s electricity) -graph Instrument for recording 记录仪 Electrocardiograph 心电图仪 (instrument for recording the heart’s electrical activity) -graphy Process of recording 方法 Electrocardiography 心电图描记法 (process of recording the heart’s electrical activity) -Meter Instrument for measuring 测定仪 Audiometer 听度计 (instrument to measure hearing) -metry Process of measuring 测定 Audiometry 听力测定 (process of measuring hearing) -scope Instrument for viewing 镜 Gastroscope 胃镜 (instrument to view stomach) -scopy Process of visually examining Gastroscopy 胃镜检查法 (process of visually examining the stomach)
参考文献
【1】维基百科 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_terminology
【2】THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE, TENTH EDITION P2
译匠编辑,内容参考源:丁香园医生。
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