【痔医学英语作文初中八下】科普：难以启齿的癌症——肛门癌(中英双语)

What Is Anal Cancer？

什么是肛癌？

anal cancer is an uncommon malignancy that starts in the anus-the opening at the end of the rectum .

肛门癌是一种罕见的恶性肿瘤，始于肛门3354直肠末端的开口处。

anal cancer occurs under the dental line as perianal cancer . squamous cell carcinoma mostly occurs around the anal canal and around the anus.from the anal canal and perianal squamous epithelium . it is often caused by long-term chronic irritation injury of anal fistula，hemory Surgical

肛门癌是位于牙齿线以下的肛门周围癌，鳞状细胞癌多发生在肛管和肛门周围，发生在肛门和肛门周围的鳞状上皮，常因肛瘘、痔疮、手术疤痕、疣、化脓性汗腺炎、蚕毛囊肿的慢性刺激损伤而发生。

the American cancer society estimates that 8，200 cases of anal cancer will be diagnosed in 2017 and about 1，100 deaths will occur that year from

美国癌症协会估计，到2017年为止，将诊断8200例肛门癌，同年有1100人死于肛门癌。

Bycontrast，some 135，730 people are predicted to be diagnosed with colorectal cancer in the u . s . in 2017，and about 50，260

相比之下，预计2017年美国约有135730人被诊断患有结肠癌，同年约有50260人死于结肠癌。

approximately half of all anal cancers are diagnosed before the malignancy has spread beyond the primary site，Whereas 13% to 25% are diare

肛门癌约有一半在恶性肿瘤扩散到原发部位之前诊断，13% ~ 25%在癌症扩散到淋巴结后诊断，10%在癌症扩散到远处的器官或转移后诊断。

When it is found early，anal cancer is highly treatable。

早期发现后，肛癌可以接受高度治疗。

the overall five-year survival rate following diagnosis of anal cancer is 60% for men and 71% for women。

在被诊断为肛癌后的5年里，总生存率男性为60%，女性为71%。

Who Gets Anal Cancer？

谁得了肛癌？

most anal cancers(80%)are diagnosed in people who are over age 60 . prior to age 35、anal cancer is more common in men . however

>大多数肛门癌（80%）是在60岁以上的人被诊断出来的。在35岁之前，肛门癌在男性中更为常见。然而，50岁以后，肛门癌在女性中更为常见。

The incidence rate of anal cancer is six times higher in single men as compared to married men.

单身男性的肛门癌发病率是已婚男性的6倍。

Receptive anal intercourse is strongly related to the development of anal cancer.

接受性肛交与肛门癌的发生密切相关。

Anal infection with human papillomavirus (hpv) resulting in genital warts is a major risk factor for the cancer.

肛门感染人乳头瘤病毒（hpv）导致生殖器疣是癌症的主要危险因素。

Immunocompromised patients, such as those with HIV disease, are prone to get anal cancer. In this subgroup, the prognosis is worse, than for non-immunocompromised patients.

免疫功能低下的患者，如艾滋病毒感染者，容易患上肛门癌。在这一亚组中，预后比非免疫功能受损患者差。

Gardasil, one of the HPV vaccines originally approved for the prevention of cervical cancer, is also approved for the prevention of anal cancer in men and women.

Gardasil是最初批准用于预防宫颈癌的人乳头瘤病毒疫苗之一，也被批准用于预防男性和女性的肛门癌。

What Are the Symptoms of Anal Cancer?

肛门癌的症状是什么？

The most common symptom associated with anal cancer is bleeding.

与肛门癌相关的最常见症状是出血。

Because anal itching can also be a symptom of the cancer, many people initially attribute their bleeding and itching to hemorrhoids. This can delay the diagnosis of anal cancer.

因为肛门瘙痒也可能是癌症的症状，许多人最初把出血和瘙痒归咎于痔疮。这会延迟肛门癌的诊断。

Other signs and symptoms of anal cancer may include:

肛门癌的其他症状和体征可能包括：

Pain or pressure in the anal area：

肛门区疼痛或压迫

Unusual discharges from the anus

异常肛门分泌物

Lump near the anus

肛门附近肿块

Change in bowel habits

大便习惯改变

How Is Anal Cancer Diagnosed?

如何诊断肛门癌？

Anal cancer may be detected during a routine digital rectal exam or during a minor procedure, such as removal of what is believed to be a hemorrhoid.

肛门癌可以在常规的直肠指诊或小手术中检测到，例如切除被认为是痔疮的东西。

The cancer may also be detected with more invasive procedures such as an anoscopy, proctoscopy, or endorectal ultrasound.

癌症也可以通过更具侵入性的手术检测到，如不规则镜检查、直肠镜检查或直肠内超声检查。

If cancer is suspected, a biopsy should be done and the specimen examined by a pathologist.

如果怀疑有癌症，应进行活检，并由病理学家检查标本。

Staging workup may include an abdominal and pelvic CT scan, a pelvic MRI scan to assess the pelvic lymph nodes, a chest x-ray, and liver function studies. PET scans are sometimes performed.

分期检查可能包括腹部和盆腔CT扫描、评估盆腔淋巴结的盆腔MRI扫描、胸部X光检查和肝功能研究。有时会进行PET扫描。

The main differences between anal cancer and hemorrhoids：

肛门癌和痔疮的主要区别：

First. Hemorrhoids refer to one or more soft venous masses formed by varicose venous plexus in the bottom of the anus and rectum and the mucosa around the anus. Hemorrhoids occur in people of all ages regardless of age and sex. Rectal cancer is more common in men than in women over 40 years of age.

1、痔疮是指肛门直肠底部及肛门周围粘膜的静脉丛发生曲张而形成的一个或多个柔软的静脉团。痔疮的发病不分年龄和性别能发生在任何年龄的人身上，而直肠癌好发于40岁以上的年龄，男性多于女性。

Second. The most common symptoms of hemorrhoids are that the mass falls out of the anus during defecation, and can be returned by itself after defecation, or pushed back by hand, but not in the late stage; or when defecation is relieved, there are bloodlines or bloodstains on the toilet paper, and sometimes bright-coloured blood drips or sprays into the urinary pool, and in both cases.

2、痔疮最常见的症状是大便时肿块脱出肛门外，大便后可以自行回纳，或用手可以推回，晚期则不能回纳；或者是解大便时手纸上有血丝或血迹有时可有颜色鲜艳的血滴入或喷入便池，有的以上两种情况均有。

The last. The effective way to differentiate rectal cancer from hemorrhoids is by means of examination. If you feel that there are some protruding soft granules inside, it is hemorrhoids. If you feel an ulcer with a lump or a central depression on the edge of the intestine, the intestinal cavity becomes very narrow; after examination, blood, concentrated fluid and mucus on the finger cuff should be considered for rectal cancer.

3、直肠癌和痔疮的鉴别有效的方法是指检，如感到内部有一些凸起软小颗粒状则为痔疮。如果感到肠内有硬块或边缘隆起中央凹陷的溃疡，肠腔变的很狭窄；检查后，指套上沾有血液、浓液和粘液物，应该考虑一下直肠癌。

How Is Anal Cancer Treated?

如何治疗肛门癌？

Anal cancer is primarily treated with a combination of chemotherapy and radiation. Surgery is typically reserved for patients failing the above therapy.

肛门癌的主要治疗方法是化疗和放疗相结合。手术通常是为未能通过上述治疗的患者保留的。