句子六大成分:主谓宾、定状表。主语、宾语和表语:通常由代词或者名词构成,定语:修饰名词; 状语:修饰形容词或者动词;表语:接在系动词后面。
一、代词:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词。
1人称代词:第一、二、三人称,主格、宾格、所有格;
I,you ,he,she, it, me, you, him, her, it, my, your, his, her, its.
2 物主代词
①形容词性物主代词:my, your, his, her, our, their,后面加名词;
②名词性物主代词:mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs,后面不能加名词。
eg: May I borrow your pen?
Mine is missing.
3反身代词:通过反身代词指代主语,使动作发出者把动作在形式上反射到发出者本人。强调人称问题。
eg:I myself took Mary to the airport. I cooked it myself.
4. 指示代词:this, that, these, those
5. 不定代词:some,someone,something,any,anyone,anything,no,no one,nothing,all,both,neither,either,each,every,everybody,everyone,everything.
一些比较重要的不定代词之间的区别:
(1)all, each, every:
① all和every可以指代三个或三个以上的人或物;all可以表示所有东西的总和,是一个不可分割的整体; each只能表示两个或两个以上的人,侧重个体;
② all和every侧重整体,each侧重个体;
eg:Every staff of the university contributed to the fund.
Two girls came, and I gave an apple to each.
(2)everyone&every one
everyone等同于everybody,all people ,指的是所有的人;
eg:Everyone thinks they have the right to be here.
every one既可以指人,也可以指物,强调一个个体,通常用every one of ;
eg:Every one of us has faults and shortcomings.
Every one of the films we have shown this year has been a success.
(3)no one&none
no one 只能指人,none既可以指人,也可以指物,none后面还可以接of;
eg:No one failed the examination.
None of the students failed the examination.
6. it 的用法
(1)指代人,通常用于口语中;
(2)书面语:
① it 用来指代时间、距离、温度、天气等
eg:It's three years since I saw him.
② it 用来前指或者后指
eg:I've lost my book. Where is it?
There is no doubt about it that he was a fine teacher.
③ it 做形式主语
eg:Is it possible to learn typewriting very quickly?
④ it 做形式宾语,通常放在谓语动词和宾语补足语(形容词)之间,真正的宾语放在宾补之后
常见动词有:feel, consider, find, believe, make, take, imagine, think, suppose, regard
eg:She thinks it no use telling me.
He has made it clear that he wouldn't agree to the plan.
⑤ it 用于强调句,构成句型It's…that/who…
如何区分强调句中的it和形式主语中的it?
eg:It's clear that they have won.
如果It's和that去掉后,剩下的部分依然能构成完整的句子,就是强调句;否则,即为形式主语。
二、名词
1. 可数名词
有单复数之分,若名词为单数,通常前面要加冠词a/an、the进行限定;若名词为复数,可以加上the,或者直接用复数名词,或者加上数词来进行限定。
名词的复数形式可以直接加s/es,以y 结尾的,变y 为i ,再加es,还有一些特殊形式的。 有些单数名词的形式,是集合名词,可以用作复数,如police,cattle,people,mankind等; eg:Several hundred police were on duty at the demonstration yesterday. Cattle are allowed to graze on the village common. 不可数名词:通常是物质名词或者抽象名词
2. 不可数名词
通常是物质名词或者抽象名词,其前可以不加任何东西,若有特指,可以加the.
前面可以加上单位词,进行分类:
常见单位词:
①a piece of +advice/bread/cloth/fortune/information/music/muse
②a bit of、an item of、an article of
3. 名词在翻译中遇到的问题:
(1)不可数名词和可数名词间的转换形式:
eg:water&waters(水域、海洋),sand&sands(沙滩),wood&woods(树林),goods(商品),ash和ashes(废墟)
(2)名词表示特指时,可以加冠词 ①不定冠词:a/an,通常表示一,但是不强调数目,翻译时注意;
eg:Germany is a European country. ②定冠词:表示特定或特指
eg:Is this the book that you are looking for? 定冠词还可以使用于一些比较独特的语言现象:如指代地球或宇宙这种独一无二的事物
the+名词:表示全部或者整体
eg:Do you know who invented the computer?
用于乐器或专有名词前,如play the piano、the Thames
三、数词
数词分为基数词和序数词
1. 表示大约的词汇:about,approximately,around,roughly,some,more or less, or so;
eg:About 200 people were killed in the crash.
The town is 5 Miles or so from here.
2. 表示多于的词汇:above,more than, over
3. 表示少于,不到的词汇:almost,below,less than, under
eg:It's 2:57, and it's almost 3 o'clock
4. 一些可以直接表示数字的单词: dozen、score、decade、hundred、thousand、million
这些词前面出现基数词,表示确切的数时,不能加复数;若不能表明确切数字,只是说大约有多少的时候,以上这些词不可以加确切的基数词,但是可以将其变为复数,后加of;
eg:There are millions of kinds of matter in the world.
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