初高中英语衔接 初高中英语知识点衔接PDF打印版

学 海 无 涯 初高中英语衔接 专题一：名词考点集汇，讲解和训练 一、名词的数 1．单数和复数 可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾“-s”构成， 其主要变法如下： 一般情况在词尾加-s，例如：book→books ，girl→girls ，boy→boys ， pen→pens,doctor→doctors, boy→boys 。 以s，x ，ch ，sh，结尾的词加-es ，例如：bus→buses ，class→classes box→boxes ，watch→watches ，brush→brushes 。 以ce, se, ze, ge 结尾的名词加s，例如：orange—oranges 。 以辅音母加y 结尾的词变“y”为“i”再加-es,例如：city→cities, factory→factories, country→countries, family→families 。但要注意的是以元音字母加y 结尾的名 词的复数形式只加s，如：boy→boys, day→days 。 以o 结尾的词多数都加-es 。例如:hero→heroes，potato→potatoes ， tomato→tomatoes,但词末为两个元音字母的词只加-s 。例如：zoo→zoos ， radio→radios ，还有某些外来词也只加-s，例如：photo→photos ，piano→pianos 。 以f 或fe 结尾的词，多数变f 为v 再加-es ，例如：knife→knives ，leaf→leaves, half→halves 。 复数词尾s 的读音方法如下表所示。 复数词尾s 的读音方法 情 况 读法 例 词 在[p][t][k][f]等清辅音后 [s] cups, hats, cakes 在[s][z][t][d ][F]等音后 glasses, pages, oranges, [iz] buses, watches,faces 在[b][d][g][v]等浊辅音后 [z] beds, dogs, cities, knives 学 海 无 涯 少数名词有不规则的复数形式，例如：man→men ，woman→women ，tooth→teeth ， foot→feet ，child→children ，mouse→mice 。 【注意】与man 和woman 构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men 和-women 。例 如：an Englishman ，two Englishmen 。但German 不是合成词，故复数形式为 Germans ； man, woman 等作定语时，它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定，如：men workers ， women teachers 。 有个别名词单复数一样，例如：Chinese，Japanese ，sheep，deer ，fish 等。但当 fish 表示不同种类的鱼时，可以加复数词尾。 单数形式但其意为复数的名词有：people, police 等。 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式，中间加连字符。例如 an 8-year-old girl, a ten-mile walk 。 还有些名词仅有复数形式，如：trousers ，clothes ，chopsticks ，glasses ，goods ， ashes ，scissors，compasses 。 只用作单数的复数形式的名词有： 科学名词：physics, mathematics/maths 游戏名称：bowls 专有名词：the United States, Niagara Falls 其他名词：news, falls 2 ．不可数名词 “量”的表示方法 在英语中，不可数名词如果要表示 “量的概念”，可以用以下两种方法： 用much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any 等表示多少，例如： The rich man has a lot of money ． There is some milk in the bottle ． Is there any water in the glass ？ I don t like winter because there s too much snow and ice ． 用a piece of 这类定语，例如： a piece of paper a piece of wood a piece of bread a bottle of orange a glass of water a cup of tea a cup of tea a bag of rice three bags of rice 如果要表示 “两杯茶”、 “四张纸”这类概念时，在容器后加复数，例如： 学 海 无 涯 two cups of tea four pieces of paper three glasses of water 不可数名词也可用a lot of, lots of, some, any, much 等来修饰。 二、名词的所有格 名词所有格，用来表示人或物的所有，以及领属关系。 1. 表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加 s,其复数形式是s ，例如：a student s room, students rooms, father s shoes 。 2. 如其结尾不是s 的复数形式仍加 s，如：Children s Day 。 3. 在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用 s，例 如：a twenty minutes walk ，ten miles journey ，a boat s length ，two pounds weight, ten dollars worth 。 4. 无生命名词的所有格则必须用of 结构，例如：a map of China ，the end of this term ， the capital of our country, the color of the flowers 。 5. 双重所有格，例如：a friend of my father s 。 【注意】 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有 s，则表示“分别有” ，例如：John s and Mary s rooms ；Tom s and Mary s bikes ；Tom and Mary s mother 。 【演练】 1． Where have you been, Tim? I’ve been to ______. A. the Henry house B. the Henry family C. The Henry’s home D. Henry’s 2 ．In England, if ____ is in the middle of the day, the evening meal is called supper. A. food B. lunch C. breakfast D. dinner 3 ．You looked for it twice, but you haven’t found it. Why not try ____ . A. three times B. a third time C. the third time D. once 学 海 无 涯 4 ． They are thirsty. Will you please give them ______ ? Certainly. A. some bottles of waters B. some bottles of water C. some bottle of water D. some bottle of waters 5 ．Mike hurt one of his ______ in the accident yesterday. A. tooth B. feet C. hand D. ear 6 ．There is some _______ on the plate. A. cakes B. meat C. potato D. pears 7 ．In England, the last name is the _______ . A. family name B. middle C. given name D. full name 8．They are going to fly _______ to Beijing. A. Germen B. Germany C. Germanys D. Germans 9 ．The______ has two _______ . A. boys; watches B. boy; watch C. boy; watches D. boys; watch 10．The little baby has two _______ already. A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths 11．What’s your _______ for being late again? A. idea B. key C. excuse D. news 12． It’s dangerous here. We’d better go out quickly. But I think we should let _______ go out first. A. woman and children B. women and child C. woman and child D. women and children 13． You can see Mr. Smith if there is a sign “_______ ”on the door of his shop. Thanks. A.ENTRANCE B.BUSINESS HOURS C.THIS SIDE UP D.NO SMOKING 14．Are they going to have a picnic on _______ ? A. Children’s Day B. Childrens’s Day C. Childrens Day D. Children Day 15．Where are the students? Are they in _______ ? A. the Room 406 B. Room 406 C. the 406 Room D. 406 Room 学 海 无 涯 【练习答案】 1.D 2.B 3.B 4.B 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.C 11.C 12.D 13.B 14.A 15.B 专题二：形容词、副词考点集汇，讲解和训练 【名师点睛】 1. 形容词的用法 形容词在句中作定语, 表语, 宾语补足语。 例如： Our country is a beautiful country. The fish went bad. We keep our classroom clean and tidy. 形容词修饰something, anything, nothing, everything等不定代词时,形容词放 在名词后面。 I have something important to tell you. Is there anything interesting in the film. 用 and 或 or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词 后面。起进一步解释的作用。 Everybody, man and woman, old and young, should attend the meeting. You can take any box away, big or small. the＋形容词表示一类人或物 The rich should help the poor. 2. 副词的用法 副词在句中可作状语,表语和定语。 He studies very hard. Life here is full of joy. When will you be back? 副词按其用途和含义可分为下面五类： 1)时间副词 学 海 无 涯 时间副词通常用来表示动作的时间。常见的时间副词有：now today, tomorrow, yesterday, before, late, early, never, seldom, sometimes, often, usually, always 等。例如： He often comes to school late. What are we going to do tomorrow? He is never been to Beijing. 2)地点副词 地点副词通常用来表示动作发生的地点。常见的地点副词有：here, there, inside, outside, home, upstairs, downstairs, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere, somewhere, down, up, off, on, in, out 等。例如： I met an old friend of mine on my way home. He went upstairs. Put down your name here. 3)方式副词 方式副词一般都是回答“怎样的？”这类问题的，其中绝大部分都是由一个形容 词加词尾-ly 构成的, 有少数方式副词不带词尾-ly, 它们与形容词同形。常见的 方式副词有：anxiously, badly, bravely, calmly, carefully, proudly, rapidly, suddenly, successfully, angrily, happily, slowly, warmly, well, fast, slow, quick, hard, alone, high, straight, wide 等。例如： The old man walked home slowly. Please listen to the teacher carefully. The birds are flying high. He runs very fast. 4)程度副词 程度副词多数用来修饰形容词和副词，有少数用来修饰动词或介词短语。常 见的程度副词有：much, little, a bit, very, so, too, enough, quite, rather, pretty, greatly, completely, nearly, almost, deeply, hardly, partly 等。例如： Her pronunciation is very good. She sings quite well. I can hardly agree with you. 学 海 无 涯 5)疑问副词是用来引导特殊疑问句的副词。常见的疑问副词有：how, when, where, why 等。例如： How are you getting along with your studies? Where were you yesterday? Why did you do that? 副词在句中的位置 1)多数副词作状语时放在动词之后。如果动词带有宾语，则放在宾语之后。例 Mr Smith works very hard. She speaks English well. 2)频度副词作状语时，通常放在行为动词之前，情态动词，助动词和be 动词之 后。例如： He usually gets up early. I’ve never heard him singing. She is seldom ill. 3)程度副词一般放在所修饰的形容词和副词的前面, 但enough 作副词用时，通 常放在被修饰词的后面。例如： It is a rather difficult job. He runs very fast. He didn’t work hard enough. 4)副词作定语时，一般放在被修饰的名词之后。例如： On my way home, I met my uncle. The students there have a lot time to do their own research work. 部分常用副词的用法 1) very, much 这两个副词都可表示“很”，但用法不同。Very 用来修饰形容词和副词的 原级，而much 用来修饰形容词和副词的比较级。例如： She is a very nice girl I’m feeling much better now. Much 可以修饰动词，而very 则不能。例如： 学 海 无 涯 I don’t like the idea much. They did not talk much. 2) too, either 这两个副词都表示“也”，但too 用于肯定句，either 用于否定句。例如： She can dance, and I can dance, too. I haven’t read the book and my brother hasn’t either. 3) already, yet already 一般用于语肯定句，yet 一般用于否定句。例如： He has already left. Have you heard from him yet? He hasn’t answered yet. 4) so, neither so 和neither 都可用于倒装句， 但so 表示肯定，neither 表示否定。 例如： My brother likes football and so do I. My brother doesn’t like dancing and neither do I. 3. 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级 两个人或事物的比较时，用比较级。 Our teacher is taller than we are. The boys in her class are taller than the boys in your class. most 同形容词连用而不用 the,表示 极,很,非常, 十分 。 It s most dangerous to be here. 在这儿太危险。 “The+形容词比较级..., the+形容词比较级...”表示 “越... 就越...”。 The more you study, the more you know. “形容词比较级 + and + 形容词比较级”, 表示 “越来越...”。 It s getting hotter and hotter. 主语+谓语+as+形容词原形+as+从句。表示两者对比相同。 This box is as big as mine. the + 形容词，表示某种人。 学 海 无 涯 He always helps the poor. 形容词和副词最高级用于三个或三个以上的人和物进行比较。 Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China. 【演练】 1．There are many young trees on sides of the road. A. every B. each C. both D. all 2 ． It’s so cold today. Yes, it’s than it was yesterday. A. more cold B. more colder C. much colder D. cold 3 ．Little Tom has friends, so he often plays alone. A. more B. a little C. many D. few 4 ．She isn’t so at maths as you are. A. well B. good C. better D. best 5 ．Peter writes of the three. A. better B. best C. good D. well 6．He is enough to carry the heavy box. A. stronger B. much stronger C. strong D. the strongest 7 ．I bought exercise-books with money. A. a few; a few B. a few; a little C. a little; a few D. a little; a little 8 ．The box is heavy for the girl carry. A. too; to B. to; too C. so; that D. no; to 9 ．The ice in the lake is about one meter . It’s strong enough to skate on. A. long B. high C. thick D. wide 10．Wu Lin ran faster than the other boys in the sports meeting. A. so B. much C. very D. too 11. Jone looks so _______ today because she has got an “A” in her maths test. A. happy B. happily C. angry D. angrily 12. The smile on my father’s face showed that he was ______ with me. A. sad B. pleased C. angry D. sorry 学 海 无 涯 13. Mum, could you buy me a dress like this? Certainly, we can buy ______ one than this, but ______ this. A. a better; better than B. a worse; as good as C. a cheaper; as good as D. a more important; good as 14. This digital camera is really cheap! The ______ the better. I’m short of money, you see. A. cheap B. cheaper C. expensive D. more expensive 15. If you want to learn English well, you must use it as _______ as possible. A. often B. long C. hard D. soon 16. Paul has ______ friends except me, and sometimes he feels lonely. A. many B. some C. few D. more 17. English people _____ use Mr. Before a man’s first name. A. never B. usually C. often D. sometimes 18. One more satellite was sent up into space in China in May. Right. The government spoke ______ that. A. highly for B. high of C. well of D. highly of 19. Remember this, children. ______ careful you are, ______ mistakes you will make. We know, Miss Gao. A. The more; the more B. The fewer; the more C. The more; the fewer D. The less; the less 20. I have ________ to do today. A. anything important B. something important C. important nothing D. important something 【练习答案】 1.C 2.C 3.D 4.B 5.B 6.C 7.B 8.A 9.C 10.B 11.A 12.B 13.C 14.B 15.A 16.C 17.A 18.D 19.C 20.B 专题三：动词考点集汇，讲解和训练 1.动词的时态 学 海 无 涯 英语时态用共有十六种时态，其中常用的有8种，它们是：一般现在时、一般过 去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时、过去进行时、过去完成时和过去将 一般现在时的基本用法 1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。 时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。 The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China. 3) 表示格言或警句中。 Pride goes before a fall. 【注意】此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般 现在时。 例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.. 4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。 I don t want so much. 5) 某些动词如 come, go, move, stop, leave, arrive, be, finish, continue, start 等， 在一般现在时句中可用来表示将来肯定会发生的动作。 The train comes at 3 o clock. 6) 在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，一般现在时代替一般将来时。 I ll help you as soon as you have problem. Tell Xiao Li about it if you meet him. 一般过去时的用法： 表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内所发生的动作或情况，通常一般过去式带有 表示动作时间状语的词，词组或从句,如 yesterday, the day before last, last week, two days ago 等,上下文清楚时可以不带时间状语。 I worked in that factory last year. 【注意】 1) 过去经常反复发生的动作，也可用used to或would加动词原形来表达，例如： 学 海 无 涯 I used to go fishing on Sundays. 2) “used to ”也可用于表示过去曾经存在过的状态。例如： This river used to be clean. 一般将来时的用法 1）表示将来的动作或状态。例如： I shall attend the meeting tomorrow. 2 ）表示将来反复发生的动作或存在的状态。例如： He will go to see his mother every Saturdays. 3 ）表示将来的意愿，决心，许诺， 命令等时常用will ，征求对方意见，主语是 第一人称时，常用shall。 I will do my best to catch up with them. Shall I open the door? 4 ）be + going + 动词不定式。也是一种将来时句型，表示打算，计划，最近 或将来要作的某事。 I am going to Beijing next week. 5 ）be + 动词不定式。表示有职责，义务，可能，约定，意图等。 There is to be a meeting this afternoon. We are to meet the guests at the station. 6 ）be about + 动词不定式，表示马上，很快作某事。 They are about to leave. 现在进行时的用法 1）现在进行时的用法表示说话者说话时正在发生或者进行的动作， 它注重 现在正在进行的动作，而不管动作从什么时间开始，到什么时间结束。 What are you doing now? I am looking for my key. 2 ）现在进行时表示目前一段时间内正在进行的动作。 The students are preparing for the examination. 3 ）某些动词的现在进行时可以表示即将发生的动作，这些动词有 arrive, come, leave, start等。 学 海 无 涯 They are going to Hong Kong tomorrow. 【注意】 有些动词一般不可以用于进行时态 ①表示状态的动词，尤其是静态动词，如：be, have ②表示认识、知觉和情感的动词，如：know, think, hear, find, see, like, want, wish, prefer 等。 现在完成时的用法 1) 现在完成时表示在说话之前已经完成或刚完成的动作。 I have bought a ten-speed bicycle. They have cleaned the classroom. 2) 现在完成时表示动作从过去开始持续到现在，或者还有可能持续下去的动作 或状态。 现在完成时常与for 和 since 引导的短语或从句连用。 We have lived here since 1976. They have waited for more than two hours. 【注意】 一般过去时与现在完成时的区别 过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成 时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响；一般过去时常与 具体的时间状语连用。 试比较： I saw this film yesterday. I have seen this film. 过去进行时的用法 表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。例如： I was watching TV when she came to see me. 【注意】 过去进行时和一般过去时都是过去发生的事情，但过去进行时侧重表示过去某 一时刻正在进行的动作或所处的状态，强调动作的连续进行，而一般过去时则表示 单纯的过去事实，例如： They were building a house last month. 学 海 无 涯 They built a new house last month. 过去完成时的用法 过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或所处的状态，过去 完成时常和 by , before 等词组成的短语和从句连用。 We had already learned two thousand words by the end of last year. When we arrived at the station, they had waited for more than twenty minutes. 过去将来时的用法 过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在地状态，过去将来时 较多地被运用在宾语从句中。例如： They were going to have a meeting. I told him that I would see him off at the station. 2.动词的语态 语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。 主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。 被动语态 1) 被动语态最基本的句型结构是： be +及物动词过去分词 2) 被动语态中的谓语动词一定要是及物动词 因为被动句中的主语是动作的承受者，某些短语动词如look after, think of, take care of, work out, laugh at等，也可用于被动语态。 The children were taken good care of by her. 【注意】 短语动词中的介词或副词变成被动语态时不可遗漏。 3) 主动语态变为被动语态要加“to ”的情况 若宾语补足语是不带 to 的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加 “to ”。此类动词为感官动词，如：feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch 等。例如： The teacher made me go out of the classroom. I was made to go out of the classroom . 4) 主动形式表示被动意义 如wash, clean, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等动词虽 学 海 无 涯 然用做主动形式却表示被动的意义。例如： The food tastes good. 3.非谓语动词 对非谓语动词的考点是：感官动词后不定式作宾语补足语和动词ing形式作宾语 补足语的用法；一些特殊动词的动词不定式作宾语补足语时不带to ，但变为被动语 态时就要带to ；有些动词既可接不定式也可接动词ing形式作宾语，但表达的意思不 同。这些都是历年中考的重点。 非谓语动词的形式 非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词，形容词或副词作用的动词形式，而不是作谓 语的动词形式。 动词的非谓语形式分为动名词，分词，动词不定式。 不定式作宾语补足语 Father will not allow us to play on the street. 不定式作目的状语 He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 用不定式和分词作补足语都可以的动词 这样的动词有感官动词如：see, hear, look, notice, observe, feel等，使役动 词如：have, make, leave, keep, get等。接不定式表示动作的完整性，真实性； +doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性。 I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。 I saw him working in the garden yesterday. 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。 用不带to不定式的情况 使役动词如：let, have, make等和感官动词如：see, watch, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to 。在被动语态中则to不能省掉。 接动名词与不定式意义不同 1) stop to do 停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。 stop doing 停止做某事。 2) forget to do 忘记要去做某事。 forget doing 忘记做过某事。 学 海 无 涯 3) remember to do 记得去做某事。 remem

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