一、主谓关系中的个人和数量不一致
汉语的动词不受主语的人称和数量的影响,但英语的谓语动词必须与主语一致,谓语动词必须根据主语变化。学生受汉语思维的影响,很多时候没有考虑主语是几个人称、单数还是复数的习惯。
错误示例:
A.a number of students is going to learn a foreign language .
B.He go to school by bike every day .
正确的例子:
A.a number of students are going to learn a foreign language .
B.He goes to school by bike every day .
分析:
在a句中,a number of复数名词作主语时,其谓语动词呈复数形式。b中He是第三人称单数,在一般现在时态中,谓词动词go要加上es。
二、时态
初中学生在写作中经常在时态方面犯错误。英语时态种类繁多,动词的构成形式随着时态的变化而变化。汉语没有时态区分。动作或动词的时间用动词后面的“写”、“达”、“通过”等副词表达,对中学生来说掌握英语的时态并不容易。
错误示例:
A.A baby can cry as soon as it was born。
B.I will not come here if it will rain tomorrow。
正确的例子:
A.A baby can cry as soon as it is born。
B.I will not come here if it rains tomorrow。
分析:
a语句是常识性问题,所以要使用一般的现在时态。B节的主节是一般未来诗,寺庙是一般现在的诗态。
三、语音错误
动词的被动形式在英语中很常见,学生很少考虑在汉语思维的影响下使用被动语态。汉语也有被动的意思,但与英语的被动表达完全不同。英语的被动要求与助动词be有变异的过去分词形式。这个助动词有时态和人称数量信息,汉语中要使用“血”、“死”、“让”等词,不需要不规则的动词形式。这对中国学习者来说有潜在的困难。
错误示例:
A.New bicycles must keep inside .
B.the book has to return at the end of the week。
C.The food has cooked .
D.knife should take away from babies .
正确的例子:
A.New bicycles must be kept inside .
B.the book has to be returned at the end of the week。
C.The food has been cooked .
D.knives should be taken away from babies .
分析:
上面文章的问题是没有很好地使用被动语态。
四、固定搭配
错误更多地出现在介词短语的搭配和固定短语的搭配中,其中特殊动词的搭配和用法错误最为常见。
错误示例:
A.he suggested to go there on his bike。
B.my teacher explained me the text very carefully .
C.my mother made me to choose the one I liked best .
正确的例子:
A.he suggested going there on his bike。
B.my teacher explained the text to me very carefully .
C.my mother made me choose the one I liked best .
分析:
中国学习者的英语应用大多受母语的影响,经常直接翻译,不太记得动词的特殊用法和固定组合。例如,suggest doing sth。Explain sth。to sb。Make sb do sth。
五、非谓语动词
学生们经常对非谓语动词的概念不清楚,不理解不定式、分词、动名词的用法,对句子结构的分析不准确,经常将非谓语动词误用为谓语动词。
错误示例:
A.In the museu
m there are a lot of interesting things look at.b. I am looking forward to see you.
正确例子:
a. In the museum there are a lot of interesting things to look at.
b. I am looking forward to seeing you.
分析:
a句中已有谓语动词来修饰things,此句缺的是后置定语。b句look forward to是一个固定短语,look forward to doing sth.
六、冠词的使用
冠词考查分两个方面,一是冠词的残缺或多余,考生要注意关于含有冠词(不含冠词)的用法以及加冠词与不加冠词的区别,如:in charge of与in the charge of, out of question与out of the question的区别。二是冠词the, a, an(不定冠词和定冠词)之间的相互误用。
英汉名词确有许多共同点,但是也有不少不同点。英语名词有可数与不可数之分,汉语里没有,且一般情况下,名词都可受到数量词的限制。因此,英语写作中,一旦涉及到advice, news, progress, weather, information等少数常用不可数名词时,学生往往会犯错误。
不过,在使用英语不可数名词时,又会出现两种情况,一种是绝不可以用a/an或数词来直接修饰,如上述提及的几个名词;另一种情况是,少数不可数名词在被形容词修饰后,可用a/an等来修饰。如time(时间),rain(雨)。所以我们可以说:We had a wonderful time yesterday.
错误例子:
a. The air is the most important thing for our existence.
b. The driver brought the car to stop. In this way, he avoided an accident.
c. When sun was setting, he still did not catch any fish.
正确例子:
a. Air is the most important thing for our existence.
b. The driver brought the car to a stop. In this way, he avoided an accident.
c. When the sun was setting, he still did not catch any fish.
分析:
a句中air是不可数名词,不需要the,b句中stop在此处的意思是站台,表示某一个站台,需要有a来修饰,c句中太阳是专有名词,需要有the来修饰。
七、名词的使用
名词主要考查单数名词变复数名词,这主要是受东西方文化差异的影响,英语中除了不可数名词和单数名词用单数外,可数名词要用复数形式。另外还有一些特殊形式。例如:
错误例子:
a. What a beautiful weather we are having today!
b. Please give my best regard to your parents.
正确例子:
a. What beautiful weather we are having today!
b. Please give my best regards to your parents.
分析:
a句中weather是不可数名词,不需要a。b中regard是可数的,所以要加上s。
八、情态动词的使用
主要有以下几种错误:① 情态动词后的动词使用过去时态;② 情态动词后的动词加“s”③ 情态动词后的动词加“ing”④”will”后面的“be”动词用“am、“is”或“are ”;⑤助动词“do”后面的动词用动词过去时态;⑥。助动词“do”后面的动词第三人称单数加“s";⑦ 助动词“do”后面的动词加“ing”等。
错误例子:
a. I could did my homework.
b. He may goes to school by bike every day.
正确例子:
a. I could do my homework.
b. He may go to school by bike every day.
分析:
情态动词后加动词原形。
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